Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist, mathematician, scientist and philosopher, is also the United Kingdom was alchemy enthusiasts. In his July 5, 1687, entitled Newton and Leibniz also independently invented the calculus. He left a total of more than 50 million words of alchemical manuscripts and more than 100 million words of theological manuscripts.
Chinese name: Isaac Newton's Foreign Name: Isacc Newton Place of birth: England Lincolnshire town Woer Suo Pu Date of birth: January 4, 1643 Date of death: March 31, 1727 Occupation: Scientist School: Grantham College, Cambridge University representative works: Newton's achievements in mathematical aspects of the mechanical aspects of the contribution of the contribution of the optical contribution of the thermal contribution in the contribution of astronomy's contributions to philosophy and Chinese thought religious views Newton famous story the other side of scientific monsters About Isaac Newton (Sir Isaac Newton FRS, 1643 年 1 月 4 ~ March 31, 1727), Sir, the Royal Society, was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In 1687 he published the periodical These descriptions lay the physical world three centuries after the scientific point of view, and became the basis for modern engineering. He demonstrated by Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravity between the consistency of display objects and the ground movement of celestial bodies follow the same laws of nature; eliminating the center of the sun's final shimmer of doubt, and to promote the scientific revolution. In mechanics, Newton's impetus and set out the rule of protection of angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope, and prism based on the divergence of the white light into the visible spectrum of reconnaissance, developed a color theory.Isaac Newton
he developed a color theory. He also expressed the cooling system to law, and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton and Gottfried Leibniz developed calculus share the honor of learning. He also certified that the generalized binomial theorem, intended the In 2005, the Royal Society had a Isaac Newton's outstanding quote ⑴ I don't know what I may seem to the world, but, as to myself, I appear to have been only like a lad playing on the sea shore, and diverting myself in every now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth arrange all undiscovered before me. --------< p> Isaac Newton translated into Chinese: I do not know others it appears to me what kind of person; but in my own view, I'm just like a child playing on the beach, as at intervals find more than unusual pebbles or flat a more than unusual and beautiful piece of shell complacent, and for the show in front of me the truth vast ocean, but it totally did not find. -------- Isaac Newton ⑵ If I can see a morsel farther than some others, it is because I am standing on the shoulders of giants. -------- Newton translated into Chinese: If I have seen farther, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants. ----- - Isaac Newton's early years, according to the modern calendar, January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire, England, a small village in the village village of Els Els Thorpe Thorpe Manor. Born in Newton, the English did not use the Pope's latest almanac, so his birthday was recorded as 1642's Christmas. Newton was nativity three months before, he also called Isaac's dad just died. Because premature reason, the newborn is very slender Newton; According to rumors, his mother 汉娜艾斯库 (Hannah Ayscough) once said that Newton was born when he was small ample to appropriate in a quart of MarkIsaac Newton
cup. When Newton's 3 years old, his mama remarried and moved into a current husband Barnabas Smith (Barnabus Smith) pastor's home, when the Newton entrusted to his grandmother 玛�里艾斯库 (Margery Ayscough) . Young Newton do not like his stepfather, and marital his mommy for the mother held a digit of things and hostility, and even Newton had From about the age of five, Newton was sent to public schools. Newton is not a baby prodigy when youth, routinely his qualifications, grade point mean, but he likes to peruse, like to discern some of the introduction of a simple mechanical prototype of the creation methods of reading, and be inspired, make yourself some weird gadgets, such as windmills, wooden clock, folding lantern, and so on. Legend of small windmills Newton's mechanical principles to detect out about after he created a model of the mill, he knotted the mice with cycles riding in a automobile, then put one in front of the cycles of corn, is just the area elusive and the location of the mouse. Mice dine corn on the constant fleeing, so the cycles stop cornering; anew when his kite-flying in a small bulb hanging on the rope, saw surprised and bewildered the village at night a comet emerged; He also created a small water clock . Every morning, small water clock will automatically trickling into his face, urging him to obtain up. He also likes drawing, sculpture, sculptured in particular, like a sundial, the home corner and gulf skylights are placed everywhere on the sundial he portrayed to the movement looks because shadows. Newton was 12 annuals old into the home near Grantham School. Newton's mother had wished he became a farmer, but Newton himself was no aim here, and love of reading. As age mushrooms, scale up like reading Newton, like think, to do a small science experiment. His secondary school in Grantham, the pharmacists have been boarding in a home, so he was inspired by the chemical tests. Newton navel school grades are not famous, just like reading, curious natural phenomenon, such as color, shadows moving seasons, principally geometry, Copernicus's heliocentric and so on. He also categorized remember reading notes, but like the creative to make some small tools, tips, small inventions, small trials. Christian ideas pervade British society at that time, Newton's home, two are relatives to the priest as a vocation, this may affect the later years of Newton's religious life. From these amazing circumstances and accidents, also do not see the juvenile Newton was a gifted different from regular kid. Was forced to live, farming at home mother to Newton suspension, aid the kin. However, Newton will have the chance to pamper books, often forget to work well. Each period, his mother told him with a servant on the market, familiar with the business sense to do the transaction when he pleaded with the servants took to the streets of a person, he is hiding in the bushes after the reading. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious, the trace listing of the town of Newton to found his nephew outstretched thighs, lying on the grass, is concentrating on studying a algebraic problem. Newton's love of knowledge touched uncle, so let Newton uncle persuaded his mother to return to school, and encourage Newton to academy to study. Newton came behind to school, eagerly study the books on nutrition. According to the book reads: Clarke (William Clarke) at home, and the age of 19 to study at Oxford University ahead, and pharmacists stepdaughter Anne Toledo (Anne Storer) vow. Afterwards, for Newton's research focuses on making love to his chilly, Stowe Miss Le wed somebody another said to reserve Newton's love as the smart memories fjust aboutme, but since then no additional thriller, Newton lifelong bachelor. Cleveland (William Stukeley) book is the result of Newton's sweetheart Miss Storer. Vincent called the label of his wife Catherine, and not Anne, her sister Anne (see Arthur Storer), and his wife, said Newton when boarding only when she is only From 12-year-old to 17 years old, King secondary school in Newton, on the windowsill in the school library tin also see him when the signature. He had dripped out from school, and returned in October 1659 Els Thorpe countryside, because he wanted to Newton again widowed mother when a peasant. Although Newton abide his mother's manner, but according to Newton's specification of the peep later, Newton agriculture work quite so happy. Fortunately, King Middle School Principal Henry Stokes (Henry Stokes) argued Newton's mother, Newton has been sent back to school to complete his studies. He achieved high school at age 18 the school, and has been a perfect graduation report. June 1661, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. At that time, the faculty based on Aristotle's theory, but Newton preferred to peruse some of the other modern philosophers, Descartes and Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler and other astronomers of more progressive analytic. In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and started to develop a new mathematical theory, which is later known to the world of calculus. In 1665, Newton received a degree, and the University of London in array to discourage plague and closed. Over the afterward two years, Newton continued to study at home, calculus, optics and global gravitation. Most middle-aged modern mathematical historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed the calculus, and have worked to create their own solitary symbol. Described along to the people nigh Newton, Newton, Leibniz than a few years ago come his access, but in 1693, before he nearly did not post anything, and until 1704 he was given a complete account of its. In the while, in 1684, Leibniz published his method of complete portrayal. In counting, Leibniz's exegesis and Leibniz's notebooks record his thoughts from the beginning to the adult development process, understood in Newton found his records only the last result. Newton demanded that he has been loath to publish his calculus because he was terrified of people smile. Newton and the Swiss mathematician 尼�拉法蒂奥 Dürer (Nicolas Fatio de Duillier) very close contact, which at the outset to be attracted to Newton's law of gravitation. In 1691, Dürer planned to jot a new version of Newton's Some studies of Newton's biographers that their relationship may exist between the components of love. However, in 1694 the relationship among the two men cooled down. At that time, Dürer and Leibniz also exchanged several letters. In early 1699, the Royal Society (Newton is one of them) to other members of the Newton accused Leibniz of plagiarism a result, controversy broke out in 1711 overall. Newton where the British Royal Society announced that a scrutinize showed that the Newton is the real discoverer, meantime Leibniz was discharged as a liar. But later, the scrutinize found remark Leibniz's conclusion written by Newton himself, so the investigation has been questioned. This leads to intense Newton and Leibniz calculus argument, and devastated the lives of Newton and Leibniz until the latter died in 1716. Debate in the UK and continental Europe to draw up a breach between mathematicians and numbers at fewest Britain could hinder the evolution of a century. Newton, a widely recognized achievement is generalized binomial theorem, it applies to any power. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified up in the bend (two-variable cubic polynomial), the finite difference made a meaningful contribution to the theory, and the first to use fractional indices and coordinate geometry to be Diophantine equation solution. He used the number closer to the harmonic catena on the part and (this is a precursor to Euler's summation formula), and for the first time be sure to use the power series and reverse (revert) power series. He also found a new formula for π. In 1669 he was rewarded the Lucas Professor of Mathematics seats. Before that day, entire members of Cambridge or Oxford is named after the Anglican pastor. However, Lucas Professor conditions necessitate the post holder shall not be vigorous in their chapel (doubtless so allows the holder to devote more time to technological research). Newton held that the clergy ought be exempt from the work of his condition, which requires permission from Charles II, who adopted the views of Newton. This avoids the Newton's religious views and Anglican beliefs conflict. Optical from 1670 to 1672, responsible for teaching Newton's optics. During this duration, he studied the light refraction, indicating that the prism tin be divergent as the pearly color spectrum, while the second lens and prism color spectrum can be reconstituted as the pearly light.He likewise isolated along the monochromatic beam, and exposure apt assorted objects of the experiment and found that the shade does not change its nature. Newton also famous namely both the reflection, dispersing, alternatively eruption, will remain the same shade of color. Therefore, we scrutinized the object with a characteristic color is a shade consistency of results, prefer than the color of objects produced results. From this work, he reached the emulating conclusion: anyone refractive telescope will be a different color of light scattering effects, and accordingly contrived the reflecting periscope (immediately called the Newtonian abbreviate) to shirk this problem. Grinding his own lenses, using Newton's rings to test the lens optical quality, to create a superior refractive telescope's instruments, which are primarily due to its great diameter lens. 1671, the Royal Society to exhibit his own reflecting telescope. Royal Society promulgated Newton's amuse to encourage him almost the color of the memoranda, which after distended to But while Robert Hooke reproved some of Newton's point of view, the Newton namely quite pessimistic and out of their discussion. Since then they convert the antagonist,8863.org, which lasted until Hooke's death. Newton believed namely light namely composed of particles or particles, and deserving to dense medium and quickened by light refraction, yet he also had to correlate them with waves to explain the phenomenon of light diffraction. And its hereafter generations of physicists is more favored to simply annotate the phenomenon of diffraction of light waves. Modern amount mechanics, photons and wave-particle duality of calculating and knowing of Newton's only a small light in the same point. In the 1675 writing However, Newton and Henry Moore theosophy scientist (Henry More), later adjoin with renewed interest in alchemy, and alternate from Hermes theosophy (Hermeticism) mutually exclusive ideas in molecule attraction to the secret compel explained, replacing the previously supposed view of the existence of ether. Newton's alchemical works with numerous masters of economics John Maynard Keynes once said: closely narrated to the contribution of science and alchemy and science in that epoch is also no clear feud. If he did not depend aboard the occult idea to annotate the movement at a distance through a vacuum, he may no develop his methodology of gravity. (See Isaac Newton's occult studies) in 1704, Newton's book as He believes that light is composed of very teeny particles, mediocre matter is composed of coarse particles, and speculated that if along some alchemy of transformation light particles to be the cardinal driving force (Activity) it? Newton also created using the aboriginal glass ball fashions of static friction of the generator. technicians and gravity in 1679, Newton returned to the learn of mechanics: gravity and its efficacy above planetary orbits, Kepler's laws of planetary film, Hooke and Flamsteed with the kinetics of the discussion he attributed his accomplishments in the contains the initial, and later in days. writing Newton 2 centuries later depicted as the fact are the three laws of film, Newton secondhand the Latin word In this book, he also made based aboard Boyle's law resolve of the first thinking of the means the speed of sound in atmosphere due to Newton and an of the Swiss mathematician 尼�拉法蒂奥 Dürer built a very near relationship until the rupture of their friendship in 1693. The end of this friendship, Newton suffered a nervous collapse. antique age due to age restrictions, Newton is basically a mechanical materialist metaphysics. He believes that sport is equitable kinetics of manoeuvre, space
location changes; the macrocosm and the sun is not evolving; by the gravity of the role, the star is forever in a nailed position with the science and enhance the reputation of Newton's political status has also been improved. In 1689,mysticdisc.com, he was selected to Congress in benefit of the campus as members of Congress, gradually began to disunite Newton brought him great achievements of science, he often expressed as the representative of the field with his aversion to the same time, he spent a lot of time and in a renowned contemporary scientists such as Hooke, Leibniz and other scientific precedence arguments. later years Newton lived in London grand life, he was Queen Anne 1705 aristocratic labeled at this time of Newton's very wealthy, is generally considered the greatest living scientist, he served as the British Royal Society, he served twenty-four years, his steel fist rule of the Society. without his agree, no one can be plebiscites in his later years Newton started to focus on the study of theology, he rejected the guiding philosophy role, really believe in God, immersed in writing to the theme of theological writings, when he encountered difficult to explain the movement of celestial objects, actually proposed the is his servant and panic him, worship him. tombstone carved with: how to let people applause such a great glory was in the world of human existence. Chronology January 4, 1643 (lunar calendar December 25, 1642) was born in Lincolnshire Ur Thorpe. 1655 12-year-old å…¥æ ¼å…°ç‘Ÿå§† secondary school. 1661 June 15, 19-year-old into the Trinity College. 1665 24-year-old found binomial theorem. 1665 ~ 1666 24-year-old returned home because of plague, of optics, mechanics, mathematics has a wide range of research and breakthroughs. 1668 reflecting telescope made of 26-year-old. 1669 27-year-old with age of 44 years to 1687 the Galileo, who work on the basis of in-depth study, summed up the three basic laws of motion (Newton's three laws): â‘ any object without appearance or suffered the external forces is zero, and the previous war the status quo, that is a continuation of the original static stationary, the original motion to continue for uniform linear motion. â‘¡ any object in the external force, the state of motion changes, the rate of change of momentum with time and suffered the combined force is proportional to the usually can be expressed as: acceleration of an object is proportional to force and suffered together, and its mass is inversely proportional to the acceleration in the intention persistent with the co-direction of external forces. â‘¢ When the object A to object B, when a force,
the object B to object A have to while a reaction force, force and response force equal and inverse, and has been in line with these three very simple laws of motion of objects, for the mechanics to lay a solid foundation, and other subjects had a colossal clash on the development of the first law of the contents of Galileo has been recommended, and later R. Descartes made a prim promotion, Galileo also informally referred to the contents of the second law. the contents of the third law of Newton is the synopsis of C · in Rennes, J · C · Wallis and Huygens, who arrived after the result of Newton's law of universal gravitation is the discoverer, he started in 1665 ~ 1666 consider this issue. 1679, R · Hooke wrote in his letter recommended that gravity should be inversely proportional to the square of the distance of Earth orbit for the high projectile oval, assuming the Earth has suture, dart the body will return to that area , rather than Newton's orbit is envisaged towards the spiral heart of the earth Newton did not answer, but the use of Hooke's views in Kepler's laws of planetary film and other people's research, he mathematically derived law of universal gravitation, Newton's mechanics to objects on Earth and celestial mechanics into a unified system of basic mechanics, the creation of a empirical system of classical mechanics. accurately reflect the movement of macroscopic objects slow movement of the macro, to effect the first major natural science consensus, which is the understanding of person nature, a leap along in Newton pointed out that the liquid viscosity and mow rate is proportional to the resistance, he said: fluid lubrication between the parts occasioned by lack of resistance, if the other are the same, and the fluid between the parts isolation is proportional to the speed now to comply with this rule is called Newtonian fluids, including the maximum general water and air, does not meet this rule is called non-Newtonian fluids in the panel is given when the air resistance suffered in , Newton's particle model of the gas used to get resistance and angle of attack is proportional to the square of the sine and this conclusion is not generally correct, but because of the authorization of Newton's offsprings had long been regarded as a creed of the 20th century, T · Carmen In conclusion, the development of aerodynamics had quipped, Newton a century later the helicopter into the sky. on the speed of sound, Newton rightly pointed out that the speed of sound is proportional to the square basis of atmospheric pressure, and density is inversely proportional to the square root, but because he sound scatter as isothermal process, the result does not match with the substantial, then P.-S. Laplace considered from the adiabatic process, the speed of sound Newton's mended formula to create the contribution of mathematics Calculus 17th century, the original geometry and algebra has been complicated to solve production and natural science was heaved many new questions such as: how to find the object of the instantaneous speed and acceleration? how claim curve tangent and the curve length (planetary distance), radius vector sweeps of the district, a very great small amount (such as the perihelion, aphelion, the most scope, etc.), volume, centre of gravity, gravity, etc.; While Newton has been on the previous number, analytic geometry, endless series and other achievements, but also can not satisfactorily residence these issues or common when Descartes's number of reflux surgery (points), reflected in the 1669's a book, and was saved in October 1666 he wrote in the middle of friends circulated a manuscript of , u, etc., binomial expansion theorem Newton also discovered the use of other endless series, and used to count the area of ​​integration, solving equations, etc. In 1684 Leibniz Research from the tangent of the curve and was introduced as one elongated S symbolic calculus, from Newton created calculus in the continent's fast improvement. calculus of the emergence into the development of mathematics further geometry and algebra, in addition to variant essential branch - Mathematical Analysis (Newton called analysis of a number of Equations The respond, which is the maximum variation method the initial problem, mathematicians in Europe within 6 months no one can reply. In 1697, the day Newton deliberately listened of the matter, the evening was solved in one fell dive, and anonymously published in . Bernoulli's amazement, said: mathematical theory, Newton called the people have been studied, but Newton than their ancestors, he stood on a higher point of view, the conclusions of the past to be integrated distributed, since archaic Greece to solve the problem of an infinite kind of small skills unified algorithm for the two types of common - differential and integral, and established this mutual relationship between the two types of operations, thus completing the invention of calculus, the most fussy step for the development of modern science provides the most forcible tool, opens up a new era in mathematics, Newton calculus is not timely published research, he studied calculus earlier than Leibniz, but Leibniz accepted a more logical form of statement, and published books on calculus than Newton's early time in Newton and Leibniz, between the controversy about who is the builder of the penalty, when, actually reasoned a large wave of blatant, this argument in their students, supporters and mathematicians continued for a long period of time, resulting in continental Europe and the British mathematician mathematicians long-term confrontation British mathematical closed-door policy in a period, limited by ethnic prejudice, too many formality in Newton's one hundred years. 1707, Newton's algebra lecture notes published after compilation, known as notions and elementary operations, with superfluity of instances of how manifold types of problems into algebraic equations, while the root of the equation and the nature of the in-depth discussions on appearances of the equation leads to prolific results, such as: he had come to the equation discriminant between the root and its relationship, that equation can be used to resolve the equation of the root of the power factor of several that geometry published in 1704. In addition, his mathematical work involves numerical analysis, probability theory and elementary number theory and other fields. Newton on the basis of before work, that and almost simultaneously and GW Leibniz created calculus, acquired derivative, integral concepts and algorithms, to specify the number of derivative and integrals is the reciprocal of the two operations, for the development of mathematics has opened up a new era . binomial theorem in 1665, just 22, Newton discovered the binomial theorem, which for the full development of calculus is important to step binomial theorem in portfolio theory, open high th power, high-end amount of arithmetic series and finite difference method in a broad range of petitions. binomial series expansion is to study the progression theory, feature theory, mathematical analysis, theory of equations powerful tool in today we will find that this side
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Law apply only to n is a assured integer, when n is a affirmative integer 1,2,3 ,......., series termination is in exactly n +1 items. If n is not positive int, the series will not cancel, this method does not apply, but we need to know then, Leibniz in 1694 before the introduction of a function word, in the early stages of calculus to study the function beyond to deal with their class is used the most effective method of optical contribution Newton has committed to the phenomenon of color and light of the nature of the study. In 1666, he studied sunlight with a prism, concluded: white is a different color (ie different wavelengths) of a medley of light of different wavelengths of light have different refractive index in visible light, the ruddy the longest wavelength, the refractive index of the smallest; purple the shortest wavelength, the refractive index of the largest Newton's important found as the basis for spectral analysis, revealing the mysteries of light and color, Newton has also put a very nice grind, the larger radius of curvature of convex lens, the pressure in a very smooth surface on the glass, can be seen in white light irradiation , the center point of contact is a dark blot, circled by bright and black concentric rings. descendants of this phenomenon is called nature, but Newton light of the When the temperature difference between surface and around, the element time per unit area from heat loss and the temperature difference is proportional to the contribution of astronomy in 1672, Newton created a reflector telescope, he proved with a gravity between the particle density was spherically symmetric external gravitational sphere with the same quality can be placed in the center location of the particle instead, he also used a variety of tidal gravity theory describes the phenomenon that not only the size of the tides with the moon phase, but also to the same position of the sun. Newton prophesied that the Earth is not spherical. precession of the equator the sun is highlighting some of the perturbations caused. philosophical contribution to Newton's philosophy basically spontaneous materialism, he acknowledged that time and space objective. like all the great history Like people, notwithstanding Newton made a great contribution to mankind, but he can not without time limitations, case in point, he time and space as likened with the movement of matter out of things, proposed the so-called absolute time and absolute spatial concepts; he who is temporarily unable to explain natural phenomena attributed to God's preparation for all the planets are in some kind of foreign Newton's most important proses, published in 1687. The book summarizes many important findings in his life and research, including the laws on the movement of objects, said the book force and other charming forces of the status of sport, so our study is the mathematical principles of natural philosophy. In 1931 the first version of the Commercial Press, 1957,1958, twice reprinted thinking of Aristotle's philosophy emphasizes the harmony of asset, harmony is the right idea, but Aristotle believed that the heavenly sun, moon, stars of orbit is round, because only circular motion is perfect, harmonious, and earth movement, such as weight plummeting is profane, the ancient Greek philosopher's ideas can not be harmony between heaven and earth continuity. to 17 century, Newton's gravitational theory with the three laws of motion to the sky and the planets and their satellites law of motion, the phenomenon of falling with the ground unify gravity to achieve the unity of paradise and earth, which is in the natural philosophy of Newton's great contributions is well known, Newton in understanding the nature of light particles that hold on, but he was follows Hu, Huygens and other discussion of the nature of light, he said this or that instinct with light to motivate the vibration of ether, which means that Ethernet is a light vibration mediaquality (see ether theory). this seems to be Newton's understanding of the twin nature of light; In actual fact, he existence of ether medium mimicking the air everywhere, but much thinner , fine and has a muscular activity he has unicast, is due to character of the beasts only to Ethernet muscle contraction and elongation, animals to training, he beyond explained to Ethernet reflection and refraction of light, transparent and vague, and color generation, he even conceived the Earth's gravity is due to temperament like to continue to collect great thing. objects into the gap to say, although not aware of Ethernet for the gravitational impact. 14,15 century European savants became a flare of the ether, the ether theory was all the exasperation when there is scientific giant Descartes believe the Ethernet no doubt he's running that planets can be explained by the vortex ether. ether theory as short-lived philosophical thought, esteem for Newton's experimental philosophy can not aid but share ideas contained in this torrent to work, it tends to exist when people are at a distance mixed views. Newton pointed out that his law of gravitational interaction is not considered to be the ultimate explanation, but only from the experiments summarized in a rule, therefore, the nature of Newtonian gravity does not make a conclusion on Newton's achievements in science by his philosophy and the scientific method to find the source roots, Newton's student R. Coates in observation and reflection (pre-Qin era Chinese had a similar place) summed up the argument, such as Thales's theory: the source of all things is water, even now, like Democritus, Lucretius's atomism, are now to evaluate the still high of, but their methods of speculation with talent, thinking and debate, called speculative philosophy to the world of literary philosophy prevailed Europe, science, philosophy and become the handmaiden of theology. to 15, 16 century, Copernicus, G Bruno, Galileo and others afraid of jug, stake, etc. adhere inflexibly to the church to fight, crashed free of the shackles to serve God. observation of natural phenomena, calculation and experimental culture evolved in the physical sciences in Galileo little experimental work is the beginning of experimental physics, Newton by the impact. Then Newton's experimental science of physics so as to form a brilliant system, but also the methods of scientific experiments into the lobbies of philosophy, Newton considers that the phenomenon scientific principles can be drawn, or the basic principles of scientific phenomena can be guided from the fire was or Newton in the and experimental results (and the resulting inductive conclusion), there are some speculations from the mathematical derivation obtained. imagine gas particles in the model are mutually exclusive with the use of Newton's mathematical model of the physical substance of the case, but his lack of substantive issues of experimental evidence, failed to write irrefutable discussion. critics might think that Newton focus only on the use of induction obtained from the experimental laws, while ignoring the magnitude of interpretation of law which is inverse to the facts. 1713 in the publishing of Newton's laws of motion is the primacy of the law all but-called axioms, and that they are known or inferred from the interpretation of the phenomenon came in, and make universal use of induction of Newton, said: can reach the maximum kingdom of examples. Should not be a mash and put another Pengdao heaven. : And then establish some hypotheses to explain the nature of things. experimental philosophy there are not their position. , but by logical deduction to be the explanation for the phenomenon of things Einstein said: quantitative interpretation of a wide range of phenomena, and in line with experience. and the work of fantasy. a lot of time effort. on Newton between 1692 ~ 1693 4 Archbishop reply to this letter on the Terai Creator (God's) existence, the most criticized by future generations so-called shove God out of the fourth arm is the first letter. from modern cosmology, the first physical pedal is completely likely in the structure of solution, without compliant to serve as priesthood. In short, the issue of religion than of Newton as a pioneer in his Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo and the spirit through launch and water and without any hesitation, it is many more in 1942 to celebrate Einstein Newton 300 commemoration of the birth of writing articles on Newton's life to make the following appraisal scientific method: Newton's great achievements in science, together with his simple materialist philosophy and methodology of a fairly large-scale physics system, to physics and the development of natural science, to the 18th century industrial revolution, social and economy changes and mechanical materialism, with great impact on the development of ideas here only briefly outline some of the outlines of Newton's philosophy and his mechanics on the ground-breaking achievements are inseparable, all natural phenomena he sought to explain the mechanical point of view, this on the formation of Newton's materialist philosophy of ego, but also led to the circulation of the mechanical theory of fact, Newton of all chemical, heat, electricity and other phenomena are seen as first described the chemical affinity, the chemical transmission reaction described role for the two competing to attract; that , etc. This machine concept, that is the property of all forms of physical movement for the mechanical movement of the point of view, the problem of mechanical movement essential to explain the absolute time and space, atomic theory, can be resolute by the initial conditions at any time after the state of motion mechanical determinism, causality, and so the development of things, as the physics of the common mode of thought can be that Newton is starting to build a relatively complete system of physical cause and effect relationship between the first person, and cause and effect relationship is the cornerstone of classical physics. Newton's contribution to the scientific theory of physics, especially as his contribution to mechanics, like, not just the creation of a one or two new methods, but the formation of a research theory system of things, made several methodological principle in Newton's kinds of phenomena to study the natural movement of the force, then use these methods demonstrate the other phenomena. the specialists. ② Analysis - an integrated reach. analysis is from whole to part (such as differential, atomic point of view), integrated from part to entire (such as points, including a comprehensive heaven and earth, the establishment of three laws of motion, etc.). Newton in the In general, from results to causes, ranging from special reasons to the common cause, has been demonstrated by far the most common reason, which is the analysis method; and comprehensive approach it is hypothetical that the reasons have been found, and have them as principles, then use these principles to explain phenomena by their place and prove the correctness of these explanations from induction to be made with common conclusion He called the law of justice, that is derived by induction that the general conclusions may also use the deductive method to deduce the other conclusions. ④ physical - mathematical methods, Newton range of physics concepts and laws are . line principle (Rule 1), causality principle (rule 2), universality principle (rule 3), No Proof of principle (rule 4, no counter-example to prove that those who set up). Newton was also in favor of the idea called the next passage structural principle: the . and methodology inevitably have a significant time constraints and lack of thoroughness, which is the maximum scientific achievement in childhood, Newton was only the most simple mechanical movement of material made an initial systematic study, and the space-time, absolute substance, particles that attempt to extrapolate to all areas (such as even he himself can not explain what he found, of spent a lot of vigor, but the constraints of Newton's history and his historical accomplishments, as are the materials inspire future generations to continue moving forward. religious views the law of force is Newton's famous breakthrough of Newton warned not to see the universe with this discovery as only a machine, like a huge clock, he said: God's governance of all things, kas long asall do or can do. God's Word, creative by the people who have been written. I learn every day, the subject of his writing, only posthumous publishing, he tried to find secret in the Yongzheng five years, . heaven and earth static people for science and learning of the truth. more importantly, also for the Chinese bourgeois reformers launched the Hundred Days Reform (1898) provides a ready public attitude and this movement of the Lord Kang Yu and Tan, who have no exception from the Newtonian to find the basis of Reformation Movement, especially on reforming the Newton figure in science creative by the spirit of the new Qing ambitious people all want to change society. anecdotes apple fall a accident event can often lead to a scientists thought the flash, which is a lukewarm late summer 1666 evening, the state Urs Thorpe Lincoln in England, a book under his arm a young man walked into his mother's home garden, sitting in a trees, began to read his books hard when he flip the pages, the branches over his head shaking things up in there. one of the most famous apple fell down, kick the 23-year-old Newton's head happens to be On that day, Newton was hard to think of a question: What is the strength to keep the moon's orbit around the Earth, as well as to keep the planet in its orbit around the sun? Why Apple only buffet his head will fall to the ground? think the problem is from the beginning, he found the answer - the theory of gravity due to Newton's a firm, perfect system, the book does not describe the story of Apple's ground, causing many people fall an apple reservations that fact, Newton's relatives and friends repeatedly accustomed the story of Apple's ground French writers, scientists Voltaire has been remembered, the year before he died in Newton, that is to work to England in 1726 when, listening to Newton's step-sister said, one day, lying in Newton under the apple tree, I suddenly saw an apple fall, causing his thought Newton had an idea, the head suddenly form an opinion: apple fall and the planets around the Sun by the same law of the universe will not be dominated? accomplish the law of universal gravitation Newton's later years is also apparently provides a close friend Siduokelei that in April 1742 one day, after luncheon, and Newton, Newton came home together after the park, and tea under the apple tree in the conversation Next, pay attention to the idea of ​​gravity in his idea, it is incidental in the apple tree, when he was in meditation and creature. the story of the inverse square relationship, Newton again in later years when Apple tells the story, it is from the apple fall, it was already 60 years later, why this memories of an old man so deep, I think there are two reasons: first, because gravity Law is a noteworthy gifted results, the parties to trigger an event of way, is deeply creative by the excitement and miss; followed a discussion with Hooke's also left a deep memory of Newton to clarify the facts from one side should be said that the apple fall an established fact that Newton and coins as a British officer in charge of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that nearly 20% of the coins is counterfeit. forgery money in the UK is a big Nizui, will be sentenced Julie of capital punishment. Even so, for those who are notorious criminals convicted highly difficult; However, the fact that Newton's up to the mission he conceal his personality by collecting a lot of evidence and the public of the bar and inn. British law retained the old accustomed and trouble to set up the necessary barriers to the prosecution, and judicial ministries decouple from the Newton became a Justice of the Peace for this, and in June 1698 to the 1699 Christmas section 200 between the navigate for witnesses, informers and suspects cross-examination, Newton eventually capable to obtain, and in February 1699 executed 10 criminals to death later, he ordered all the interrogation records be destroyed, maybe Newton King's greatest victory is the lawful representative of the identity and check lona William (William Chaloner) confrontation. lona contrive instigated the investigation with false Catholic conspiracy, then he spotted those cursed enough to be baited to the conspirators in the apply Congress to check lona Mint paid to sue the tools accessible to the person making counterfeit money, and queried Congress to grant him to check the Mint's production process in order to prove his charges, he also asked Congress to adopt what he called counterfeit coinage process manufacturing, he immediately sued the search lona, ​​but Mr. investigation lona have some friends at the altitude, so he was acquitted, and that made Newton's dissatisfaction in the second prosecution, Newton invested solid evidence, and succeeded in making big Nizui check lona was sentenced. March 23, 1699, check lona line execution ground in the Tai Boen was Julie. scientific research focus on Newton's infatuation to infatuation stage. Newton once said to cook egg, while reading a book while he was working, unwittingly thrown into the boiler to a pocket watch, and other water to seethe, cover exposing a look, just kas long aswas bad to see as eggs cooked another occasion, a observers, asked him to estimate a prism, Newton was about this research can be used as a prism with a enchanted, without hesitation replied: You fool, you just fold the weight of the glass according to a cost on the line! Welcome to the altitude crown of thorns, although thorn people afflict, but the savor is the main thing is sweet; I saw the highest honor presented in front of me, it is full of pleasure, perpetual infinite. can be said that each great scientist, is rich in enthusiasm , full of ideals of the poet, but Newton was a scientific pursuit in the light spectrum to explain his vision of a special type of poet, he let his thoughts fly to the entire universe as barriers in the fields his entire center, filled full of nature, the universe, perhaps this is his life's most fundamental reason is not married, but Newton did not entirely insulated and love his life and even had two love Newton 23-year-old is studying at Cambridge University, Cambridge, happened because the plague, school vacations, Newton returned to the countryside, live in uncle home, where he once fell in love with a beautiful, smart, studious, careful cousin cousin also liked the knowledgeable insight extraordinary students who often hike with Newton like to improvise a lengthy speech, the content of his speech that he is learning addition and study. cousin, although do not understand, but she listened patiently, it seems very interesting. Newton thought: a lovely female, for I feel that talking about savored, I must be very good. Of lesson, her brains must have very nice, is an extraordinary female. If you can get her aid to solve many difficult problems I, and I work together, that fine ah! girl waiting for him and he has paid no attention to the personal life, and her cousin was blundered Newton on her chilly, they prefer her husband, so obsessed with science and love of a good time to tarry Newton too busy He did not even imagine of the universe, the world, he often does not tie tangles, shoelaces are not nailed, the breeches are not knitted, went into the university restaurant. However, Newton was a young man, after all, there are a mythological center. On one cause, to another world of his idea only an infinite value of binomial theorem. He was like a dream-like, subconsciously grip the lover of a finger, as it is the cleaning rod through the pipe, hard to pipe Risse. yelled the girl anguish, he was sober face of surprise, the girl, he quickly begged lightly like a sheep-like: I know, I dead. It seems that I was the a lifetime bachelor! did not appear delight, I can in the meantime in front of the great ocean of truth turn a blind eye. basic and secondary computer textbooks, students are leap to come into contact more than once the name of this extraordinary Newton. As is well known, as he is a British portrait -1712
Newton in old age
nation great physicist, mathematician and astronomer, proposed the law of gravity, the three laws of mechanics, by the colors white composed of light theory and created a calculus, and so on. Michael White in the book , before Jesus Christ. He was able to get this award, of course, because of his outstanding contribution to scientific development. People tend to have a milestone in the history of science and scientists as the great genius of high moral character and the angels, many honors and aura around them, making it difficult to understand their emotions as a man of authenticity. Recently published The standing of science in the mushroom of witchcraft and the end of a historical turning point of genius, by the never-ending reconnaissance of the unknown world, making him one of the greatest scientists, but also that he will focus more of his life spent on alchemy, Newton left a total of more than 500,000 English words alchemy manuscripts and more than 100 million words of theological manuscripts, and such work with his scientific discoveries virtually unrelated. In addition, he also specializes in manipulation of imagination, he had the illness the narcotic. Book inventor genetic perspective based on science, Newton's addiction with alchemy and the proposed lay the foundation of modern science a significant association between. He left with Newton's important from unpublished letters and notes to explain Newton's alchemical and theological studies in the discovery of universal gravitation for him, and later the unified field theory study of the role. It is value saying that until 1936, Newton was true on the other side gradually revealed, but thanks to the main of 20th century economics, John Maynard Keynes Newton researchers. Newton was a team of files left over from the auction at Sotheby's auction, about 50 years ago, these documents are accepted by the University of Cambridge, donations are considered A result, Keynes bought these documents in the auction. Keynes in the study group had not been to the world of secret documents released in 1942, speech at the Royal Society, the history of the most famous and magnificent scientist portrayed by the controversial symbol of a paranoid person. Keynes re-evaluation of Newton's worth our attention and thinking: reasoning, but now I must say, I do not think so, I do not think anybody, after reading the boxes of documents which will also regard him as the great man as a moral. independently created the calculus, although Newton discovered calculus years earlier than Leibniz, he published his book late. So, who is the creator of the first calculus, it became a major event in the scientific community debate. Oxford University Kiel in the Leibniz sent a letter to the Royal Society, to retrieve the kind of argument. When Leibniz in the Leibniz's use of foreign affairs is to hide themselves under the name of the all-knowing redactor, wrote this nameless comment, and . That is not an open combat. Leibniz on the one hand in front of the public praised Newton, on the one hand the instigation of others, especially John. Bernoulli wrote Newton to attack to safeguard him, as he meant to do Bernoulli, not signed the letter. Leibniz apply of the Royal Society to be determined, and as chancellor of the Royal Society of Newton appointed a committee to reiterate the fair, the Royal Society published the conclusions, a formal condemnation of Leibniz plagiarism. As for Newton's why the addiction with alchemy, which we must consider his background. In the 17th century, alchemy and chemical doping together, because then the chemical has not spun off from alchemy, one who wants to study chemistry without contact with alchemy is not possible. Because no one can find a 17th-century alchemy content without chemical works. The Newton's chemistry must be full of curiosity.
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