chapter into PubMed Magic School - PubMed Overview
have a retired old professor more than once lamented to me: to retrieve, especially other people do not do the subject, to collect several useful documents, actually takes three to four months time, and you now .... him, Two thick bottle from his rear end showing a trace of envy in the eyes.
I can imagine he was buried in a pile of periodicals in the case of access, but for now the medical workers, I have been unable to imagine, if we lose PubMed, the world will be like.
While on the Internet, similar to the PubMed medical literature search system and many, but its amount of information, ease of use, speed and other factors in terms of updating, PubMed are second to none. A very important point, as its name (PubMed = Public + Medicine) implies, PubMed is free and open to the public. Whenever and wherever, as long as you enter in the browser address bar: you can immediately enter the PubMed interface and start to enjoy PubMed brought to you by endless convenience.
As the saying goes, water wells did not forget people. PubMed is the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) belongs to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) developed by the Internet biomedical information retrieval system, in the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) platform. Many Westerners have the habit of thanksgiving in prayer before meals, do not know whether it is necessary before each use PubMed are grateful to NCBI it?
PubMed covers more than 70 countries around the world more than 4300 kinds of major biomedical journal abstracts and some full text. The time period covered is very long, can be traced back as early as the 1960s, usually, this is early enough, few people will need access to in the preceding literature. Of course, the history of biomedical research worker may be an exception. The latest literature almost at this moment. PubMed publishers and will be automatically linked to PubMed abstracts provide the latest, and often at this time the literature has not yet officially published. So, although the biomedical journal articles from being published often received better than a few months, but by means of PubMed, we can still keep abreast of the latest trends, which greatly benefit their own clinical and research work. Some publishers also provide documentation of the full text through PubMed, and sometimes even free, so that we can really enjoy on the PubMed .
into the main interface to PubMed, the first thing that catches our eye is the top of the page the search box and function keys (see below).
This is a core part of PubMed. Most of the work, as long as we use this The left side of the main interface box (shown at left), there are:
· Journal Browser Journal View
· MeSh Browser can use it to browse the MeSH hierarchical table
· Single Citation Matcher enter journal information can be found in the literature of a single chapter or the entire journal content.
· Batch Citution Matcher input in a specific journal information in the form of a literature search for more articles.
· Clinical Queries of this part of the set for the clinician, the way the search by filtering the literature range fixed at 4: treatment, diagnosis, etiology and prognosis.
· Old PubMed (PubMed query using the old way)
3) Related Resources
· Order Documents allows users to full text documents at the local level, but it should be charged, as to how to get free full text documents, I will detail later in the chapter.
· Grateful Med is another NLM Web-based query system link. Grateful Med also provides MEDLINE access, and there are a number of other databases such as AIDSLINE, HISTLINE and so on.
· Consumer Health and MEDLINEplus provides links to, MEDLINEplus consumer health information with the relevant national medical library network nodes.
· Clinical Alerts purpose is to speed up this part of the NIH-funded clinical research results published.
use the left frame of these services, we can not only be more powerful search, but also get a lot of very useful services. These are described in subsequent chapters.
Overall, PubMed's interface is simple and clear, almost fool.
fool-style interface, however, does not mean fool-operation. I see a lot of people with several years of PubMed, or only know in the search box to enter a keyword, then click Although half of the cases, this operation is enough to get satisfactory information, but for the other half the situation was not so lucky, or you really need a lot of information lost in the numerous and unorganized , or you get a lot of useful information only tip of the iceberg.
puzzling is that many health workers prefer to search each time when they spend several times, but do not want to spend a few hours of time to seriously look PubMed. target, how to put the gun to maximize the function.
in later chapters, we will gradually in-depth understanding of PubMed, I believe that through these sections to learn, we can truly master the PubMed, which make their work more effective.
Chapter PUBMED simple search techniques
one. In this chapter, we will how to use PUBMED literature search of the right-hand man for a simple introduction.
1. When you open the browser, type in the address bar or
2. Place near the top of the page, the first thing that catches our eye, that is for us to enter the search query box.
query words in the search box, then click Front in the search box, you can select the database to retrieve the content scope, in addition to other NCBI databases, are available there: PROTEIN, STRUCTURE, POPSET and so on.
Here, many people may think that only fool-enter a few characters and then enter one end of the story can be struck, it is not. Each level of search efficiency is often very different. Here the following recommendations are for the reader is referred:
? explicitly ask you to retrieve the key concepts and words, that keyword;
? considering a similar argument to the keyword, that there may be a synonym;
? By limited DATES, STUDY GROUP, etc., refine your search scope;
? more experienced people to ask for advice, because different professional backgrounds and personal differences, are likely to form different methods and techniques.
3. By Boolean (BOOLEAN) to improve the efficiency of your operations
three most commonly used Boolean operators that are AND, OR, and NOT.
? AND provide the computing means that regardless of the input of two key words appeared in the location in which, as long as they appear in the index at a particular article, it will be listed.
? and OR sucked of at least one of the words listed in the article, this operation will be similar in theme to the articles listed together, very effective.
? NOT operations can be within the scope of your search will remove some unnecessary parts. However, when used to pay special attention, there will be some of you may be missing the required article. For example if your search term for the LEAD POISONING NOT CHILDREN, in addition to those that will delete the article on children only, but will delete those that children and other age groups to discuss the article.
4. PUBMED search type
Usually we want the type of query words can be divided into:
? words (topic) search in the PubMed home page when we search box, type a word or phrase in English (upper-or lowercase). Then press Enter or click the For example: Type
? author search when we want to query the authors, the author name in the search box, type the full name and acronym for the name, format: acronym,
? title search in the search box, type the full name or title referred to the form of MEDLINE, ISSN number, for example: molecular biology of the cell,journal, or mol biol cell, or 1059 - 1524, and then press Enter or click Go, the system will be in the title field to retrieve and display the search results.
? date or date range search in the search box, type the date or date range, then press Enter or click Go, the system will search by date range, and qualifying record be displayed. Date entry format YYYY / MM / DD; such as: 1999/09/08
can not record the month and day, such as: 2000 or 1999/12.
? retrieve a subset of journals (series) to retrieve the format: search term AND jsubseta, such as: neoplasm AND jsubseta. Sub-library to retrieve the journal for three types: Abridged Index Medicus (120 kinds of important core journals), Dental and Nursing. Respectively jsubseta, jsubsetd, jsubsetn be qualified.
? retrieve records with abstracts to retrieve the format: search term AND has abstract, such as: liver cancer AND has abstract. Note that in an article published before 1975, the MEDLINE records without abstracts.
? Boolean retrieval system allows the use of Boolean logic PubMed search, as long as the key in the search box, a Boolean logical operators (AND, OR or NOT). Specific issues to be aware when used, see the first 3 points above.
5. How to deal with search results
When you click GO, or carriage return, PubMed will automatically run a search command, in the bottom of the screen shows the items that meet retrieval requirements, and check the box to retain the original search terms. At this point to note is in line with the requirements of the project is to retrieve SUMMARY (brief format) is displayed, is listed author, article title, and the Source of some information.
the DISPLAY key can also choose another display format, click on the DISPLAY button, the system in the selected format all the search results.
If you only need to show which part of the record, you need to click the check box to the left of the record, the mark, then click the Display button; If only display one record, you can simply click on the recorded in the author's name hyperlink, the system automatically displays the record format of the digest.
Another point, the system default is set 20 per page option, after this point in the SHOW drop-down menu at the options.
If you check the contents of interest, you can save, print etc. operations. PubMed system allows up to save the 5000 record. To save all the search results, open the Summary drop-down menu to select one format, then click the Save button; to save a specific record, click the box to the left of the record mark, then click the Save button.
use your browser's print function to print out the contents of interest. System allows a maximum of 500 records per page. If you want to print into a text format, please click the Text button, then print.
the next chapter we will use several examples to make you more familiar with search techniques.
Chapter PUBMED simple search example
in the previous chapter, we have queries on how to use PUBMED to the problem we are interested in the literature. In this chapter, we can come through a few simple examples of the usage of specific familiar PUBMED.
Example One
1. Explicit content to be retrieved. If we want to query is First, we should analyze this issue in the key words, mainly by the That is,
2. Analysis to retrieve the relationship between the two related words. According to our everyday experience, two words can be defined as the relationship between the After following the above picture is obtained after the process of retrieving relevant articles.
3. After the above initial search results are displayed to the default display format SUMMER, SUMMER, after reading on, we can further filter the contents of the literature. If we are interested in the second, third and five, then check the box that left several documents. If we want to also see a few of the ABSTRACT, the DISPLAY button drop-down menu to select the ABSTRACT, then click DISPLAY. You can see the desired results.
Example Two
1. If this is the time we want to find related articles with one author, such as the author's name is Hemila h, then we want to retrieve the content is very clear, is the author's name Hemila h.
2. In the search box enter Hemila h, click the GO button, the screen will display the relevant literature with the author.
3. In the 39 listed in the literature, if we want to be seen in one screen all the options in the SHOW drop-down menu to choose the later you want to display the number as 50.
4. PUBMED retrieved in the literature, we are interested in the first one, click the box to the left of the article, then pull down the Display button after the checkbox, select the display type of literature, (such as the Abstract-Summary , Brief-outline, Citation-introduction, etc.), under normal circumstances, to select the Abstract majority, so a glance. In determining a good display, click Display button, you can read the content.
5. In determining the content of the retrieved interest, if want to save it, you can click the Save button, if you want to save the clipboard, you can click the Clipboard, save to the clipboard. Click
above is a simple search using Pubmed two instances. If, after the retrieval process, it can not meet your needs, we can be more complex Advanced Search. In later chapters, we will detail.
Chapter PUBMED Search tips
in the above two chapters we have mastered how to use search methods to retrieve the primary purpose of the literature. But the problem we want to retrieve relatively complex, relying only on the primary search will fall far short of needs. In order to make our search more accurate, efficient, and we can take advantage of PubMed's advanced search functions provided.
after you enter the PubMed home page, in the search box below, there PubMed provides five important feature button, the button Limits, Preview / Index button, History button, Clipboard button, and the Details button. If you can fully utilize these function buttons, then your search is likely to do more with less.
First, let us simply look at the main function of these buttons.
1. Limits button
When you click the Limits button, you can see the following screen. (Fig1)
where you can make the following settings:
? set the search to a specific domain.
? set the search to a specific age group, gender group, the scope of human or zoology.
? can also limit your search published in a language or a specific article types (such as the review).
? set only contains the summary of the literature search.
? set Entrez databases or Publication database search.
? set of PubMed database search of a sub-database (such as the Abridged Index Medicus or AIDS-related entries).
For example, in All Fieldsdomain selection drop-down menu, you can limit the search word in a particular domain, the default setting is all the domain; open the drop-down menu to select the be the domain name. Another example is the
2. Preview / Index buttons
press the Preview / Index button, we can set are:
? entry in the display before display the number found in the literature.
? at any time by increasing the query word to change the query plan.
? domain specific search query words to add to the program.
? from the Index view and choose words to modify the query plan.
? modify the query when you view the program.
Preview (preview) Use this feature to display items in the display before the number found in the literature. When used in the input box, type the search term and click Preview, PubMed returned information is the number of entries.
Index (index) to use this feature, you can choose from a specific domain to the index word, and put them into the query programs; can view a particular search domain list of words; You can also use Boolean operators to create a query plan.
3. History button
History (History) History is stored in the program all your queries and query results, only when you run a query after, History in the only content. History screen will display: Your query plan, query time, the number of queries to the literature. Preview shows the recent history of the three records, and use the History to see the latest 100 results. Once the query more than 100, PubMed will remove the first query, add a new query. If the same query twice, PubMed will be the first time of removal.
4. Clipboard button
clipboard can help you save or view the choice of one or more query entries, and then you can print, save, order of the clipboard contents. The left of the entry box selected, click When you click the Clear History History can be cleared of all contents.
clipboard maximum storage number is 500. And on the contents of the clipboard in one hour if no operation will automatically disappear.
5. Details button
Details is used to help you see the PubMed search strategy. That in the question box, type the search terms are automatically converted PubMed those words, and use the kind of search and retrieval of syntax rules. In addition, you can use the Details button to edit the search strategy, then a search. In the PubMed Query box displays the actual use of PubMed search strategy and syntax. The box under the four regions: Result district records show the total number of search results, click on that number, to return to the search results screen; Translation conversion zone display details of search terms; Database area display a searchable database; User Query display area users type search terms or search type.
To edit the search strategy can click directly PubMed Query box search strategy, to add, delete or modify and click the Search button.
In addition to these five main function keys other than the use of PubMed provides other features such as MeSH, etc., can also be a large part of our search to improve efficiency. Several chapters later, we will be a detailed analysis of the ink to the system's use of these features.
Chapter PUBMED Search tips instances
how to use PubMed in our search for more complex initial understanding, we look at some applied examples.
Example One Let us now look what about
step one, let us first for a preliminary search of the topic. We identified the keywords that it should be Total 492 related literature. Obviously, if we open one by one to read these documents eleven, will be a very complicated task. Then we need to use the advanced search method to reduce the workload.
step two, if we want to retrieve the documentation requirements to reflect the relatively new dynamic progress, then we can click on Limits button function keys in which the input box enter Publication Date FROM 2000 01 01
step three, we further asked if the article is published in English, and can show PubMed Abstract, we can follow the above method of analogy, in the Languages drop-down menu, select English, select the box. Then click the GO button to start search. A total of 61, showing the current page within the latest 20. (Fig1)
fact, if we start to be very clear limits to retrieve the Limits, the above three steps can actually be synthesized in one step. This is just for illustration, we describe it separately.
Example Two or search on
When we carried out a lot if you search (including the above example a search), we found that in the previous steps there to retrieve the search history you want to look at, first of all we can Click Preview / Index button. Then the screen will show we've crawled content. (Fig2) use the History to see the latest 100 results, while the Preview shows the three most recent history record.
Secondly, we want to see the input before the search that had the word search, such as Infant Growth
If we want to further modify the query plan, you can add another word search box, such as the Way so we can continue to add another word, click Preview until you want to get content. Using this feature can help you see the previous search solution and the number of query results.
the above two simple examples to illustrate how to apply the power of PubMed provides buttons to improve the efficiency of our search. In fact, in practice there are many skills to be to seek out and want an introduction to the author, serve, help you in the PubMed comfortable to swim in the ocean.
Chapter VI on MeSH Browser (Medical Subject Heading browser)
What is MeSH?
MeSH Medical Subject Headings is the acronym that medical subject headings, with the standardization of medical terminology to describe biomedical concepts. NIH staff provided by MeSH vocabulary, browse full text of biomedical journal literature after the standard leads in each of the MeSH terms, which discusses the Documentation Centre of the keywords that main keyword (major topic headings), discussion of certain aspects of the subject content words as subheadings.
So why do you want to use medical subject headings?
Let's look at an analogy, if someone asked you cold yet? You will not answer Of course not, because you know that cold is cold fever. But a retrieval system, if you do not tell it, then it may not know it. In journals, often for the same concept may have a different description forms, such as Tumor and Neoplasm all refer to the tumor. When a query who wish to access the tumor and diet (eating) the relevant literature, he may enter the Tumor, Neoplasm may also enter a keyword, but in fact there is no difference between the two. A stupid retrieval system may not recognize this, and like PubMed kind of
how to use
If you want to search using Medical Subject Headings, from the PubMed Home PubMed Services click on the bottom of the MeSH Browser to enter the following interface.
example, if you want to retrieve Neoplasms and bone of the relevant literature, first in the MeSH Browser's search box, enter the search terms Neoplasms, then click the Browse button, the system displays the definition and the the location of the tree hierarchy, as shown.
If necessary, you can choose Detailed display, as shown below:
Here, the retrieval system will display the details, choose the specific subheadings, can also be a single main keyword or keyword search, the options are as follows :
(1) Add the search to the following subheadings: Click the box before the subheadings, select the subheadings that can select multiple words between them logic for the OR.
(2) Restrict Search to Major Topic headings only: If we limit the detection results in the main keyword (Major Topic Heading) can improve the precision rate.
(3) Do Not Explode this term: the system to retrieve a keyword, it will automatically expand your search (Explode), the keywords will be checked the next bit word. If only a single keyword search, click on this button.
completion of the above options, click
Then we enter the MeSH browser, bone, press the search button, the system will tell you that bone is not a keyword, it will automatically convert keywords Bone and Bones Similarly, the bottom will display its definition and the location of the tree hierarchy. You can still choose Detailed display for a more sophisticated choice, selection is complete, click Then, you simply click on PubMed Search button to start the search, check out these two keywords with a keyword and choose the corresponding logic of literature search results.
short, keyword search method, while somewhat cumbersome, but its search results with high accuracy, low rate of omission, is the best retrieval method, once mastered, will make our retrieval more effective.
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